Based on the analysis of literature data, the concept of the need for a comprehensive study of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of modern forms of nervous and mental diseases is presented. The role of autoimmune processes, regulatory functions of autoantibodies and cytokines, mechanisms of action of neurosteroids, neuron-specific proteins as markers of nervous tissue damage and the expediency of using these indicators in the development of new therapeutic technologies with the inclusion of modulating and immunocorrective drugs, as well as the effectiveness of monitoring the recovery of impaired functions are highlighted.