In the article, we showed the results of a literature review on the problem of neuroplasticity in modern neurosciences. Thus, it was shown that the scientists thought about the issues of brain regeneration and variability in the eighteenth century, but over the past few centuries nervous tissue was considered in the scientific community to be a static phenomenon that does not undergo plasticity processes. The essence of three basic directions of neuroplasticity is briefly disclosed: compensatory structure of the nervous system in early ontogeny; structural and functional reorganization of the mature nervous system in the process of obtaining life experience; the ability of the nervous system to repair in the case of functional and morphological disorders. The problem of synaptic plasticity is also briefl y described. It is shown that the issues of neuroplasticity are new in the scientifi c arena and need further in-depth study.